Sources
Every claim, cited.
Each of the 22 biases is grounded in its primary source — verified against the original journals, APA PsycNet, and publisher pages, not paraphrased from memory.
The canon
- Daniel Kahneman (2011), Thinking, Fast and Slow.
- Richard Thaler & Cass Sunstein (2008), Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness.
- Dan Ariely (2008), Predictably Irrational.
- Robert Cialdini (1984), Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things.
Too much information
- Anchoring. Tversky & Kahneman (1974), Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science.
- Availability. Tversky & Kahneman (1973), Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability, Cognitive Psychology.
- Confirmation bias. Nickerson (1998), Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises, Review of General Psychology.
- Survivorship bias. Abraham Wald (1943; repr. 1980), A Method of Estimating Plane Vulnerability Based on Damage of Survivors, Statistical Research Group / Center for Naval Analyses.
- Framing effect. Tversky & Kahneman (1981), The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice, Science.
Not enough meaning
- Representativeness / base-rate neglect. Kahneman & Tversky (1973), On the Psychology of Prediction, Psychological Review.
- WYSIATI (what you see is all there is). Kahneman (2011), Thinking, Fast and Slow.
- Halo effect. Thorndike (1920), A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings, Journal of Applied Psychology.
- Narrative fallacy. Taleb (2007), The Black Swan.
- Authority bias. Milgram (1963), Behavioral Study of Obedience, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (see also Cialdini, Influence, 1984).
- Bandwagon / social proof. Cialdini (1984), Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things (see also Asch, 1951).
Need to act fast
- Overconfidence. Moore & Healy (2008), The Trouble with Overconfidence, Psychological Review.
- Loss aversion. Kahneman & Tversky (1979), Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, Econometrica.
- Sunk cost. Arkes & Blumer (1985), The Psychology of Sunk Cost, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
- Planning fallacy. Buehler, Griffin & Ross (1994); term coined by Kahneman & Tversky (1979).
- Status quo / default bias. Samuelson & Zeckhauser (1988), Status Quo Bias in Decision Making, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty.
- Optimism bias. Weinstein (1980), Unrealistic Optimism About Future Life Events, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
What we remember & how we judge what happened
- Hindsight bias. Fischhoff (1975), Hindsight ≠ Foresight, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
- Outcome bias. Baron & Hershey (1988), Outcome Bias in Decision Evaluation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- Self-serving / attribution bias. Miller & Ross (1975), Self-Serving Biases in the Attribution of Causality: Fact or Fiction?, Psychological Bulletin.
- Recency bias. Murdock (1962), The Serial Position Effect of Free Recall, Journal of Experimental Psychology.
- Peak–end rule. Kahneman, Fredrickson, Schreiber & Redelmeier (1993); Redelmeier & Kahneman (1996).