Sources
Every claim, cited.
Each of the 22 biases is grounded in its primary source, verified against the original journals, APA PsycNet, and publisher pages, not paraphrased from memory.
The canon
- Daniel Kahneman (2011), Thinking, Fast and Slow.
- Richard Thaler & Cass Sunstein (2008), Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness.
- Dan Ariely (2008), Predictably Irrational.
- Robert Cialdini (1984), Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things.
Too much information
- Anchoring. Tversky & Kahneman (1974), Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science.
- Availability. Tversky & Kahneman (1973), Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability, Cognitive Psychology.
- Confirmation bias. Nickerson (1998), Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises, Review of General Psychology.
- Survivorship bias. Abraham Wald (1943; repr. 1980), A Method of Estimating Plane Vulnerability Based on Damage of Survivors, Statistical Research Group / Center for Naval Analyses.
- Framing effect. Tversky & Kahneman (1981), The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice, Science.
Not enough meaning
- Representativeness / base-rate neglect. Kahneman & Tversky (1973), On the Psychology of Prediction, Psychological Review.
- WYSIATI (what you see is all there is). Kahneman (2011), Thinking, Fast and Slow.
- Halo effect. Thorndike (1920), A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings, Journal of Applied Psychology.
- Narrative fallacy. Taleb (2007), The Black Swan.
- Authority bias. Milgram (1963), Behavioral Study of Obedience, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (see also Cialdini, Influence, 1984).
- Bandwagon / social proof. Cialdini (1984), Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things (see also Asch, 1951).
Need to act fast
- Overconfidence. Moore & Healy (2008), The Trouble with Overconfidence, Psychological Review.
- Loss aversion. Kahneman & Tversky (1979), Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, Econometrica.
- Sunk cost. Arkes & Blumer (1985), The Psychology of Sunk Cost, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
- Planning fallacy. Buehler, Griffin & Ross (1994); term coined by Kahneman & Tversky (1979).
- Status quo / default bias. Samuelson & Zeckhauser (1988), Status Quo Bias in Decision Making, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty.
- Optimism bias. Weinstein (1980), Unrealistic Optimism About Future Life Events, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
What we remember & how we judge what happened
- Hindsight bias. Fischhoff (1975), Hindsight ≠ Foresight, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
- Outcome bias. Baron & Hershey (1988), Outcome Bias in Decision Evaluation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- Self-serving / attribution bias. Miller & Ross (1975), Self-Serving Biases in the Attribution of Causality: Fact or Fiction?, Psychological Bulletin.
- Recency bias. Murdock (1962), The Serial Position Effect of Free Recall, Journal of Experimental Psychology.
- Peak–end rule. Kahneman, Fredrickson, Schreiber & Redelmeier (1993); Redelmeier & Kahneman (1996).